The Sounds of Early CinemaThe Sounds of Early Cinema is devoted exclusively to a little known, yet absolutely crucial phenomenon: the ubiquitous presence of sound in early cinema. Silent cinema may rarely have been silent, but the sheer diversity of sound(s) and sound image relations characterizing the first 20 years of moving picture exhibition can still astonish us. Whether instrumental, vocal, or mechanical, sound ranged from the improvised to the pre arranged (as in